Establishment of RPA-Cas12a-Based Fluorescence Assay for Rapid Detection of Feline Parvovirus.

Feline parvovirus (FPV) is highly infectious for cats and other Felidae and often causes severe damage to young kittens. In this study, we incorporated recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and Cas12a-mediated detection and developed an RPA-Cas12a-based real-time or end-point fluorescence detection method to identify the NS1 gene of FPV. The total time of RPA-Cas12a-based fluorescence assay is approximately 25 min. The assay presented a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 copies/µl (25 copies/per reaction), with no cross-reactivity with several feline pathogens. The clinical performance of the assay was examined using total genomic DNA purified from 60 clinical specimens and then compared to results obtained with qPCR detection of FPV with 93.3% positive predictive agreement and 100% negative predictive agreement. Together, the rapid reaction, cost-effectiveness, and high sensitivity make the RPA-Cas12a-based fluorescence assay a fascinating diagnostic tool that will help minimize infection spread through instant detection of FPV.

Genetic characterization of the parvovirus full-length VP2 gene in domestic cats in Brazil.

Feline parvovirus (FPV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) are over 98% identical in their DNA sequences, and the new variants of CPV (2a/2b/2c) have gained the ability to infect and replicate in cats. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity in the VP2 gene of parvovirus strains circulating in domestic cats in Brazil during a 10-year period (2008-2017). For parvovirus screening, specific PCR was performed, and 25 (34.7%) of 72 cats tested positive. The PCR-positive samples were further subjected to full-length VP2 sequencing (1755 bp), and eight sequences (36%) were characterized as FPV, seven (28%) as CPV-2a and (32%) nine (36%) as CPV-2b. One sequence (RJ1085/11) showing typical CPV amino acid (aa) at residues 80 R, 93 N, 103 A, 232 I, and 323 N could not be characterized at this time. The sequences in this study displayed aa changes previously described for FPV (A14T, A91S, I101T, N564S, and A568G) from cats and CPV-2a/2b (S297N and Y324L) from dogs. However, the Y324L mutation has not yet been reported in any CPV-2a/2b strains from cats. Phylogenetic analysis supported the division of these sequences into two well-defined clades, clade 1 for FPV and clade 2 for CPV2a/2b. Unusually, the sequence RJ1085/11 was grouped separately. Two recombination breakpoints were detected by Bootscan and 3Seq methods implemented in the RDP4. This study is the first report of CPV-2a/2b in cats in Brazil. The detection of FPV strains with mutations characteristic of CPV indicates that Brazilian FPV strains have undergone genetic changes.

A potential dual protection vaccine: Recombinant feline herpesvirus-1 expressing feline parvovirus VP2 antigen.

Recently, herpesvirus viral vectors that stimulate strong humoral and cellular immunity have been demonstrated to be the most promising platforms for the development of multivalent vaccines, because they contain various nonessential genes and exhibit long-life latency characteristics. Previously, we showed that the feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) mutant WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE, which was safe for felines and provided efficacious protection against FHV-1 challenge, can be used as a vaccine vector. Moreover, previous studies have shown that the major neutralizing epitope VP2 protein of feline parvovirus (FPV) can elicit high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, to develop a bivalent vaccine against FPV and FHV-1, we first generated a novel recombinant virus by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homologous recombination, WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE-VP2, which expresses the VP2 protein of FPV. The growth characteristics of WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE-VP2 were similar to those of WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE, and WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE-VP2 was stable for at least 30 generations in CRFK cells. As expected, we found that the felines immunized with WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE-VP2 produced FPV-neutralizing antibody titers (27.5) above the positive cutoff (26) on day 14 after single inoculation. More importantly, recombinant WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE-VP2 exhibited severely impaired pathogenicity in inoculated and cohabiting cats. The kittens immunized with WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE and WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE-VP2 produced similar levels of FHV-specific antibodies and IFN-ß. Furthermore, felines immunized with WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE-VP2 were protected against challenge with FPV and FHV-1. These data showed that WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE-VP2 appears to be a potentially safe, effective, and economical bivalent vaccine against FPV and FHV-1 and that WH2020-ΔTK/gI/gE can be used as a viral vector to develop feline multivalent vaccines.

Development of an accurate and rapid method for whole genome characterization of canine parvovirus.

Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious pathogen affecting domestic dogs and other carnivores globally. Monitoring CPV through continuous genomic surveillance is crucial for mapping variability and developing effective control measures. Here, we developed a method using multiplex-PCR-next-generation sequencing to obtain full-length CPV genomes directly from clinical samples. This approach utilizes tiling and tailed amplicons to amplify overlapping fragments of roughly 250 base pairs. This enables the creation of Illumina libraries by conducting two PCR reaction runs. We tested the assay in 10 fecal samples from dogs diagnosed with CPV and one CPV-2 vaccine strain. Furthermore, we applied it to a feline sample previously diagnosed with the feline panleukopenia virus. The assay provided 100 % genome coverage and high sequencing depth across all 12 samples. It successfully provided the sequence of the coding regions and the left and right non-translated regions, including tandem and terminal repeats. The assay effectively amplified viral variants from divergent evolutionary groups, including the antigenic variants (2a, 2b, and 2c) and the ancestral CPV-2 strain included in vaccine formulations. Moreover, it successfully amplified the entire genome of the feline panleukopenia virus found in cat feces. This method is cost-effective, time-efficient, and does not require lab expertise in Illumina library preparation. The multiplex-PCR-next-generation methodology facilitates large-scale genomic sequencing, expanding the limited number of complete genomes currently available in databases and enabling real-time genomic surveillance. Furthermore, the method helps identify and track emerging CPV viral variants, facilitating molecular epidemiology and control. Adopting this approach can enhance our understanding of the evolution and genetic diversity of Protoparvovirus carnivoran1.

Genetic characterization of parvoviruses identified in stray cats in Nigeria.

Parvoviruses are a major cause of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis, leukopenia and high mortality in cats and dogs. In this study, the presence and genetic characteristics of parvoviruses circulating among cats in Nigeria are reported. Faecal samples of stray cats from live animal markets in southwestern (Oyo and Osun States) and north-central (Kwara State) Nigeria were screened for the presence of parvoviral DNA using a qPCR. Positive samples were further characterized using a qPCR based on minor groove binder probes. Overall, 85/102 (83.3 %) stray cats tested positive for feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) DNA and one cat was co-infected with canine parvovirus-2 type a. Sequence analysis of the complete capsid region of 15 Nigerian FPV strains revealed that they were up to 99.9 % similar to the American reference strain FPV-b at the nucleotide level, and three of them presented amino acid mutations in key capsid residues. This is the first report of identification and molecular characterization of FPV strains in cats in Nigeria. The high prevalence of the virus emphasizes the need for constant surveillance of the circulation of parvoviruses in Nigeria and underscores the need to deploy an effective vaccination strategy.

Genetic diversity and relatedness of feline parvovirus in Vietnam and its potential implications for canine-feline transmission.

Feline panleukopenia, caused by feline parvovirus (FPV), has been studied worldwide, but there have been very few studies conducted in Vietnam. In this study, 19 rectal swab samples were collected from northern Vietnam in 2018-2019 and screened for the presence of FPV using PCR. Through sequence analysis of the full-length VP2 gene, it was found that the FPV strains detected in Vietnam were closely related to those obtained from dogs in Vietnam, Asia, Europe, and America. Moreover, the FPV strains found in Vietnam may constitute a distinct group, related to viruses sampled in China. Interestingly, most of the nucleotide changes identified were T-C substitutions.

Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Feline panleukopenia virus from suspected domestic cats in selected Bangladesh regions.

Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is a highly contagious cat disease and is endemic in Bangladesh. The study aims to describe the epidemiology and molecular characterization of the Feline panleukopenia virus from the suspected domestic cats in selected Bangladesh regions. Randomly, 161 rectal swabs were collected from the pet hospitals between July 2021 and December 2022. A structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews with cat owners in order to collect data on potential risk factors for FPL, such as age, sex, sharing litter boxes and every day utensils in multicat households, vaccination history, hospital visits for other diseases, and season. The rectal swabs were tested by PCR targeting the VP2 capsid protein gene, and six PCR-positive samples were further sequenced for molecular characterizations. The risk factors for FPLV were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of FPL among suspects was 22.9%. The mortality and case fatality were 10.6%, and 45.9%, respectively. However, mortality in kittens was significantly higher (16.4%) than younger cats. The odds of FPL were 8.83 times (95% CI: 3.14-24.85) higher among unvaccinated cats than vaccinated cats. The winter season had almost six times (95% CI: 1.38-24.40) higher odds of FPL than rainy season. In a multicat house, the odds of FPL was about five times (95% CI: 1.93-13.45) higher for cats that shared a litter box and food utensils compared to those that did not engage in such sharing. Visiting hospitals for other reasons nearly triples the odds of FPL (OR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.04-7.54) compared to cats that do not visit hospitals. Analysis of partial sequence of the VP2 gene revealed genetic variations among the isolates from different regions. Among these isolates, four were identical to FPLV isolates from South Korea and China, while one showed complete homology with FPLV isolates from Thailand. In contrast, the remaining one was 100% identical to Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 isolated from a feline sample in Italy. Our isolates were classified into three distinct clades alongside Feline panleukopenia virus and Carnivore protoparvovirus-1. One in every three suspected cats was infected with Feline panleukopenia. Regular vaccination of the cats, especially those that share common litter box and food utensils and visit hospitals for other purposes, will help reduce the prevalence of FPL in Bangladesh. Besides, it is worth emphasizing the existence of genetic diversity among the circulating Feline panleukopenia viruses in Bangladesh.

Characterization of a fatal feline panleukopenia virus derived from giant panda with broad cell tropism and zoonotic potential.

Represented by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus (CPV), the species carnivore protoparvovirus 1 has a worldwide distribution through continuous ci13rculation in companion animals such as cats and dogs. Subsequently, both FPV and CPV had engaged in host-to-host transfer to other wild animal hosts of the order Carnivora. In the present study, we emphasized the significance of cross-species transmission of parvoviruses with the isolation and characterization of an FPV from giant panda displaying severe and fatal symptoms. The isolated virus, designated pFPV-sc, displayed similar morphology as FPV, while phylogenetic analysis indicated that the nucleotide sequence of pFPV-sc clades with Chinese FPV isolates. Despite pFPV-sc is seemingly an outcome of a spillover infection event from domestic cats to giant pandas, our study also provided serological evidence that FPV or other parvoviruses closely related to FPV could be already prevalent in giant pandas in 2011. Initiation of host transfer of pFPV-sc is likely with association to giant panda transferrin receptor (TfR), as TfR of giant panda shares high homology with feline TfR. Strikingly, our data also indicate that pFPV-sc can infect cell lines of other mammal species, including humans. To sum up, observations from this study shall promote future research of cross-host transmission and antiviral intervention of Carnivore protoparvovirus 1, and necessitate surveillance studies in thus far unacknowledged potential reservoirs.

FPLV: Enhancing recommender systems with fuzzy preference, vector similarity, and user community for rating prediction.

Rating prediction is crucial in recommender systems as it enables personalized recommendations based on different models and techniques, making it of significant theoretical importance and practical value. However, presenting these recommendations in the form of lists raises the challenge of improving the list's quality, making it a prominent research topic. This study focuses on enhancing the ranking quality of recommended items in user lists while ensuring interpretability. It introduces fuzzy membership functions to measure user attributes on a multi-dimensional item label vector and calculates user similarity based on these features for prediction and recommendation. Additionally, the user similarity network is modeled to extract community information, leading to the design of a set of corresponding recommendation algorithms. Experimental results on two commonly used datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in enhancing list ranking quality, reducing prediction errors, and maintaining recommendation diversity and accurate user preference classification. This research highlights the potential of integrating heuristic methods with complex network theory and fuzzy techniques to enhance recommendation system performance with interpretability in mind.

Genetic Diversity and Evolution of Viruses Infecting Felis catus: A Global Perspective.

Cats harbor many important viral pathogens, and the knowledge of their diversity has been greatly expanded thanks to increasingly popular molecular sequencing techniques. While the diversity is mostly described in numerous regionally defined studies, there lacks a global overview of the diversity for the majority of cat viruses, and therefore our understanding of the evolution and epidemiology of these viruses was generally inadequate. In this study, we analyzed 12,377 genetic sequences from 25 cat virus species and conducted comprehensive phylodynamic analyses. It revealed, for the first time, the global diversity for all cat viruses known to date, taking into account highly virulent strains and vaccine strains. From there, we further characterized and compared the geographic expansion patterns, temporal dynamics and recombination frequencies of these viruses. While respiratory pathogens such as feline calicivirus showed some degree of geographical panmixes, the other viral species are more geographically defined. Furthermore, recombination rates were much higher in feline parvovirus, feline coronavirus, feline calicivirus and feline foamy virus than the other feline virus species. Collectively, our findings deepen the understanding of the evolutionary and epidemiological features of cat viruses, which in turn provide important insight into the prevention and control of cat pathogens.

[Parvovirus infections in cats in animal shelters]. / Parvovirus-Infektionen bei Katzen in Tierheimen.

Due to widespread vaccination programs against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), the disease associated with this virus infection, feline panleukopenia, is rarely seen in privately owned cats in Germany. In contrast, the situation in animal shelters differs due to the constant intake of new cats that are often unprotected. In such facilities, panleukopenia outbreaks are common and often accompanied by a high number of fatalities. Due to the high contagiosity of the virus, some shelters do not accept cats with clinical signs suspicious for panleukopenia, since these animals can pose a risk to the shelter population. However, not only cats with panleukopenia shed parvovirus, but also healthy, asymptomatic cats can and thus contribute to risk of infection. Nevertheless, the risk for panleukopenia outbreaks in animal shelters can be reduced by rigorous outbreak management. This includes hygiene measures using correctly applied cleaning and disinfection protocols, quarantine measures, separate isolation units, as well as specific prophylactic measures, such as identification of infected animals and immunization of susceptible groups.

Isolation of feline panleukopenia virus from Yanji of China and molecular epidemiology from 2021 to 2022.

BACKGROUND: Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a widespread and highly infectious pathogen in cats with a high mortality rate. Although Yanji has a developed cat breeding industry, the variation of FPV locally is still unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to isolate and investigate the epidemiology of FPV in Yanji between 2021 and 2022. METHODS: A strain of FPV was isolated from F81 cells. Cats suspected of FPV infection (n = 80) between 2021 and 2022 from Yanji were enrolled in this study. The capsid protein 2 (VP2) of FPV was amplified. It was cloned into the pMD-19T vector and transformed into a competent Escherichia coli strain. The positive colonies were analyzed via VP2 Sanger sequencing. A phylogenetic analysis based on a VP2 coding sequence was performed to identify the genetic relationships between the strains. RESULTS: An FPV strain named YBYJ-1 was successfully isolated. The virus diameter was approximately 20-24 nm, 50% tissue culture infectious dose = 1 × 10-4.94/mL, which caused cytopathic effect in F81 cells. The epidemiological survey from 2021 to 2022 showed that 27 of the 80 samples were FPV-positive. Additionally, three strains positive for CPV-2c were unexpectedly found. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the 27 FPV strains belonged to the same group, and no mutations were found in the critical amino acids. CONCLUSIONS: A local FPV strain named YBYJ-1 was successfully isolated. There was no critical mutation in FPV in Yanji, but some cases with CPV-2c infected cats were identified.

Clinico-epidemiological survey of feline parvovirus circulating in three Egyptian provinces from 2020 to 2021.

Feline parvovirus infection, caused by feline parvovirus and canine parvovirus 2, is a highly contagious, life-threatening disease affecting cats. The available epidemiological data on parvovirus infection in cats in Egypt is limited. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to provide data concerning the epidemiological profile of cats infected with parvovirus, including the prevalence of parvovirus infection in cats in three Egyptian provinces (Sohag, Assiut, and Cairo) and the associated risk factors. Using rapid antigen tests of fecal samples and conventional PCR, the overall prevalence of parvovirus infection in cats was found to be 35% (35/100) and 43% (43/100), respectively. Anorexia, bloody diarrhea, severe dehydration, hypothermia, and vomiting were the most common clinical findings significantly associated with parvovirus-infected cats. The geographical location (Sohag) and the season (winter) were both statistically significant risk factors for parvovirus infection. These findings indicate that parvoviruses are circulating in different regions of Egypt. Our study provides baseline epidemiological data for future preventive and control measures against parvovirus infection, as well as highlighting the need for future genomic surveillance studies involving a large study population from various parts of Egypt in order to better shape the epidemiological picture of parvovirus infection.

POSTVACCINAL VIRAL DISEASE PRESENTATION IN TWO LITTERS OF CHEETAHS (ACINONYX JUBATUS).

Protective antibody titers against core vaccines have not been standardized for cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) under human care. Vaccine-induced disease has been suspected after administration of modified live virus vaccine (MLVV), but it has not been confirmed as the causative agent. MLVV and killed virus vaccines (KVV) elicit humoral response in cheetahs; however, the use of both vaccines for initial immunization in cheetah cubs <6 months old within the same population has not been reported. The current case series describes viral disease presentation in two cheetah litters after using both vaccines and presents results for serum neutralization titers against feline calicivirus (FCV) and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) and hemagglutination inhibition titers against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). For Litter 1, MLVV was administered at 6 and 9 wk old. On week 11, one male developed ocular, oral, and dermal lesions. Viral isolation recovered FCV. Because of suspected vaccine-induced FCV, KVV was administered on weeks 13 and 16. Litter 2 was vaccinated with KVV via the same vaccination schedule. Fifty-three days after the last booster, two cubs presented with ocular, respiratory, and oral clinical signs; both were PCR positive for FHV-1. Serology reported a better anamnestic response and protective titers against FCV and FPV with the protocol used with Litter 1. In Litter 2, FCV and FHV-1 titer measurement failed in three of four cubs, limiting comparison of titers between litters. In spite of limited measurements, absence of a statistical evaluation, and presence of infection, serology showed a better humoral response when MLVV was used.

Molecular investigation of Feline Panleukopenia in an endangered leopard (Panthera pardus) - a case report.

BACKGROUND: Feline Panleukopenia is an important disease of cats and has been reported worldwide. The disease is caused by a non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus; Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPLV), belonging to the Parvoviridae family. The disease causes significant mortality in unvaccinated kittens. The disease has been well documented in companion animals. However, only a few reports have surfaced from the wild. CASE PRESENTATION: An orphan leopard cub was presented to Wildlife Rescue Centre, Nagpur, for further care; the leopard was kept under quarantine. On day 22 of the quarantine, the leopard showed inappetence, lethargy and depression and did not consume the offered carabeef (Day 0 of treatment). The leopard was examined clinically and was found to have a temperature of 102°F; blood was collected and analysed. On day one, the leopard exhibited bloody diarrhoea, inappetence, fever and depression. The leopard was rationally treated with fluids, antibiotics, multi-vitamins, haemostatics and haematinics. To gain qualitative insights into the epidemiological aspect of the disease, molecular investigation, including Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and qPCR (Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction), were utilized to confirm the infection. The amplicon was sequenced and was found to be similar to sequences of FPLV reported domestic cats and other wild felids from India and abroad. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to understand the evolutionary relationship of the virus with previously reported sequences of FPLV. Sequences were submitted to National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and were allotted accession numbers. CONCLUSION: The infection in endangered leopard cubs could be managed with prompt fluid therapy, antibiotics and support treatment, ensuring an uneventful recovery. Molecular investigation and sequencing efforts can provide valuable data on epidemiology and the evolutionary relationship of the virus with the circulating strains in the field. The study has implications in the preventive management of FPLV in captivity and the selection of strains for inclusion in vaccines meant for the wild felids.

Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV-2 and FPV) Circulating in Wild Carnivores and in Puppies Illegally Imported into North-Eastern Italy.

The illegal trade of animals poses several health issues to the global community, among which are the underestimated risk for spillover infection and the potential for an epizootic in both wildlife and domestic naïve populations. We herein describe the genetic and antigenic characterization of viruses of the specie Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 detected at high prevalence in puppies illegally introduced in North Eastern Italy and compared them with those circulating in wild carnivores from the same area. We found evidence of a wide diversity of canine parvoviruses (CPV-2) belonging to different antigenic types in illegally imported pups. In wildlife, we found a high circulation of feline parvovirus (FPV) in golden jackals and badgers, whereas CPV-2 was observed in one wolf only. Although supporting a possible spillover event, the low representation of wolf samples in the present study prevented us from inferring the origin, prevalence and viral diversity of the viruses circulating in this species. Therefore, we suggest performing more thorough investigations before excluding endemic CPV-2 circulation in this species.

A Retrospective Study of Viral Molecular Prevalences in Cats in Southern Italy (Campania Region).

From 2019 to 2021, a retrospective molecular study was conducted in the Campania region (southern Italy) to determine the prevalence of viral diseases in domestic cats. A total of 328 dead animals were analyzed by Real-Time PCR for the presence of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline enteric coronavirus (FCoV), rotavirus (RVA), feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), and feline calicivirus (FCV). The possible presence of SARS-CoV-2 was also investigated by Real-Time PCR. The cats included in this study were specifically sourced and referred by local veterinarians and local authorities to the Zooprofilactic Experimental Institute of Southern Italy (IZSM) for pathological evaluation. The samples consisted of owners, catteries, and stray cats. Results revealed: 73.5% positive cats for FPV (189/257), 23.6% for FeLV (21/89), 21.5% for FCoV (56/266), 11.4% for RVA (16/140), 9.05% for FeHV-1 (21/232), and 7.04 for FCV (15/213). In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 was never detected. FPV was more prevalent in winter (p = 0.0027). FCoV FHV-1, FCV, and RVA predominated in autumn, whereas FeLV predominated in summer. As expected, viral infections were found more frequently in outdoor and shelter cats than in indoor ones, although no statistical association was found between animal lifestyle and viral presence. The study showed a high prevalence of FPV, FeLV, and FCoV and a moderate prevalence of RVA, FHV-1, and FCV. Moreover, the prevalence of these pathogens varied among the cat populations investigated.

Development of a triple NanoPCR method for feline calicivirus, feline panleukopenia syndrome virus, and feline herpesvirus type I virus.

BACKGROUND: Feline calicivirus (FCV), Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), and Feline herpesvirus type I (FHV-1) are the three most common pathogens in cats, and also are the main pathogens leading to the death of kittens. Here, by a combination of gold nanoparticles and conventional PCR, we established a novel triple NanoPCR molecular detection method for clinical detection. RESULTS: The triple NanoPCR molecular detection is able to detect 2.97 × 101copies/µL FCV recombinant copies plasmid per reaction, 2.64 × 104copies/µL FPV recombinant copies plasmid per reaction, and 2.85copies/µL FHV-1 recombinant copies plasmid per reaction at the same time. The sensitivity of each plasmid is 100 times, 10 times, and 100 times higher than conventional PCR, respectively. The clinical results showed that among the 38 samples, the positive rates of FCV, FPV, and FHV-1 in a NanoPCR test were 63.16, 31.58, and 60.53%, while in a conventional PCR were 39.47, 18.42, and 34.21%. CONCLUSIONS: In this report, it is the first time that NanoPCR assays are applied in the detection of FCV, FPV, and FHV-1 as well. This sensitive and specific NanoPCR assay can be widely used in clinical diagnosis and field monitoring of FCV, FPV, and FHV-1 infections.

Feline Panleukopenia Virus in Dogs from Italy and Egypt.

Canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) are variants of Carnivore protoparvovirus 1. We identified and characterized FPV in dogs from Italy and Egypt using genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Cost-effective sequencing strategies should be used to monitor interspecies spread, evolution dynamics, and potential host jumping of FPV.

Effect of repeated administration of a parenteral feline herpesvirus-1, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus vaccine on select clinicopathologic, immunological, renal histologic, and immunohistochemical parameters in healthy adult cats.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether hyperinoculation of cats with a feline herpesvirus-1, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus (FVRCP) vaccine could be used as a model to study interstitial nephritis and to assess humoral and cell-mediated immune responses toward vaccinal α-enolase. ANIMALS: 6 healthy young adult purpose-bred research cats. PROCEDURES: Baseline renal cortical biopsies, whole blood, serum, and urine were collected prior to administration of a commercial FVRCP parenteral vaccine. Vaccine hyperinoculation was defined as a total of 8 vaccinations given at 2-week intervals over a 14-week period. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to each vaccination, and a second renal biopsy was performed 2 weeks after hyperinoculation (week 16). Renal histopathology, renal α-enolase immunohistochemistry, and assays to detect humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions against Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cell lysates and α-enolase were performed. An α-enolase immunoreactivity score for renal tubules and glomeruli based on signal intensity was determined by a blinded pathologist. RESULTS: Hyperinoculation with the vaccine was not associated with clinicopathologic evidence of renal dysfunction, and interstitial nephritis was not recognized by light microscopy in the time studied. The mean serum absorbance values for antibodies against CRFK antigen and α-enolase were significantly (P < 0.001) higher at weeks 4, 8, and 16 versus week 0. Renal tubular and glomerular α-enolase immunoreactivity scores were higher at week 16 compared to baseline. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Findings suggested that systemic immunological reactions occurred and renal tissues were affected by vaccine hyperinoculation; however, short-term FVRCP vaccine hyperinoculation cannot be used to study interstitial nephritis in cats.